Grandparents, individually known as grandmother and grandfather, are the parents of a person’s father or mother – paternal or maternal. Every sexually-reproducing living organism who is not a genetic chimera has a maximum of four genetic grandparents, eight genetic great-grandparents, sixteen genetic great-great-grandparents, thirty-two genetic great-great-great-grandparents, sixty-four genetic great-great-great-great grandparents, etc. In the history of modern humanity, around 30,000 years ago, the number of modern humans who lived to be a grandparent increased.[citation needed] It is not known for certain what spurred this increase in longevity,[1] but it is generally believed that a key consequence of three generations being alive together was the preservation of information which could otherwise have been lost; an example of this important information might have been where to find water in times of drought.[2][3]
In cases where parents are unwilling or unable to provide adequate care for their children (e.g., financial obstacles, marriage problems, illness or death[4]), grandparents often take on the role of primary caregivers. Even when this is not the case, and particularly in traditional cultures, grandparents often have a direct and clear role in relation to the raising, care and nurture of children. Grandparents are second-degree relatives to their grandchildren and share 25% genetic overlap.
A step-grandparent can be the step-parent of the parent or the step-parent’s parent or the step-parent’s step-parent (though technically this might be called a step-step-grandparent). The various words for grandparents at times may also be used to refer to any elderly person, especially the terms gramps, granny, grandfather, granddad, grandmother, nan, maw-maw, paw-paw (and others which families make up themselves).
TitlesEdit
A grandfather holding his grandson.
When used as a noun (e.g., «… a grandparent walked by»), grandfather and grandmother are usually used, although forms such as grandma/grandpa, granny/granddaddy or even nan/pop are sometimes used. When preceded by «my …» (e.g., «… my grandpa walked by»), all forms are common (anywhere from «… my grandfather …» to «… my Gramps …»). All forms can be used in plural, but Gramps (plural Gramps) is rare.
In writing, Grandfather and Grandmother are most common, but very rare as a form of address. In speech, Grandpa and Grandma are commonly used in the United States, Canada, and Australia. In Britain, Ireland, United States, Australia, New Zealand and, particularly prevalent in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Nan, Nana, Nanna, Nanny, Gran and Granny and other variations are often used for grandmother in both writing and speech.
In Bangladesh, Pakistan, and many parts of India, maternal grandparents are called Nana and Nani. Similarly, paternal grandparents are called Dada and Dadi. One’s parents’ maternal grandparents are called Par-nani and Par-nana. On similar lines, parents’ paternal grandparents are called Par-dadi and Par-dada.
A grandmother taking a nutrition class with her grandson.
Numerous other variants exist, such as Gramp, Gramps, Grampa, Grandpap, Granda, Grampy, Granddad, Granddaddy, Grandpappy, Pop(s), Pap, Papa, Pappy, and Pawpaw for grandfather; Grandmom, Grandmama, Grama, Granny, Gran, Nanny, Nan(a), Mammaw, Meemaw and Grammy for grandmother. Gogo can be used for either, etc.
Given that people may have two living sets of grandparents, some confusion arises from calling two people «grandma» or «grandpa», so often two of the other terms listed above are used for one set of grandparents. Another common solution is to call grandparents by their first names («Grandpa George», «Grandma Anne», etc.) or by their family names («Grandpa Jones», «Grandma Smith»). In North America, many families call one set of grandparents by their ethnic names (e.g., Hispanic grandparents might be called abuelo and abuela or «abuelito» and «abuelita», French grandparents might be called papi and mamie, Italian grandparents might be called nonno and nonna, or Dutch and German grandparents might be called Opa and Oma. In Flanders pepee or petje and memee or metje are most used). In Friesland, a common pair is pake and beppe. Mandarin-speaking Chinese people refer to maternal grandparents as wài pó (外婆, mother’s mother) and wài gōng (外公, mother’s father) and paternal grandparents as nǎi nai (奶奶, father’s mother) and yé yé (爷爷, father’s father). In the Philippines, grandparents are called lolo (grandfather) and lola (grandmother).
Languages and cultures with more specific kinship terminology than English may distinguish between paternal grandparents and maternal grandparents. For example, in the Swedish language there is no single word for «grandmother»; the mother’s mother is termed mormor and the father’s mother is termed farmor.[5] However, the other Scandinavian languages, Danish and Norwegian, use words which specifies the kinship like in Swedish (identically spelled among all three languages), as well as using common terms similar to grandmother (Danish: bedstemor, Norwegian: bestemor).
Great-grandparents and beyondEdit
Timurid conqueror Babur seeks the advice of his grandmother.
The parents of a grandparent, or the grandparents of a parent, are called the same names as grandparents (grandfather/-mother, grandpa/-ma, granddad/-ma, etc.) with the prefix great- added, with an additional great- added for each additional generation. One’s great-grandparent’s parents would be «great-great-grandparents».
To avoid a proliferation of «greats» when discussing genealogical trees, one may also use ordinals instead of multiple «greats»; thus a «great-great-grandfather» would be the «second great-grandfather», and a «great-great-great-grandfather» would be a third great-grandfather, and so on. This system is used by some genealogical websites such as Geni.[6] One may also use cardinal numbers for numbering greats, for example, great-great-great-grandmother becomes 3×-great-grandmother.
Individuals who share the same great-grandparents but are not siblings or first cousins are «second cousins» to each other, as second cousins have grandparents who are siblings. Similarly, «third cousins» would have great-grandparents who are siblings, and «fourth cousins» would have great-great-grandparents who are siblings.
EtymologyEdit
The use of the prefix «grand-» dates from the early 13th century, from the Anglo-French graund. The term was used as a translation of Latin magnus.[7] The prefix «great-« represents a direct translation of Anglo-French graund and Latin magnus to English.[8] In Old English, the prefixes ealde- (old) and ieldra- (elder) were used (ealdefæder/-mōdor and ieldrafæder/-mōdor). A great-grandfather was called a þridda fæder (third father), a great-great-grandfather a fēowerða fæder (fourth father), etc.
VariationEdit
- maternal grandmother- mother’s mother.
- maternal grandfather- mother’s father.
- paternal grandmother- father’s mother.
- paternal grandfather- father’s father.
Involvement in childcareEdit
A grandfather teaching his granddaughter to use a kick scooter
A grandmother playing with her grandson
Grandparents are changing their roles in contemporary world,[9] especially as they are becoming increasingly involved in childcare. According to a 2012 study based on 2010 census and survey data, around 10% of children in the U.S. live in a household including a grandparent.[10] Of these, approximately a third live in a household consisting of two parents and a grandparent.[10] Likewise, more than 40% of grandparents across 11 European countries care for their grandchildren in the absence of the parents.[11] In Britain, around 63% of grandparents care for their grandchildren who are under 16 years old.[11] Grandparent involvement is also common in Eastern societies. For instance, 48% of grandparents in Hong Kong reported that they are taking care of their grandchildren.[12] In China, around 58% of Chinese grandparents who are aged 45 or older are involved in childcare.[13] In Singapore, 40% of children from birth to three years old are cared by their grandparents and this percentage is still increasing.[14] In South Korea, 53% of children under the age of 6 years old are cared by their grandparents.[15] Therefore, grandparents taking care of their grandchildren has become a prevalent phenomenon around the world.
There are a few reasons why grandparent involvement is becoming more prevalent. First, life expectancy has increased while fertility rates have decreased. This means that more children are growing up while their grandparents are still alive and able to become involved in childcare.[10] In addition, the reduced fertility rates mean that grandparents can devote more attention and resources to their only grandchildren.[16] Second, more mothers are involved in the workforce, and thus, other caregivers need to be present to care for the child.[10] For instance, in Hong Kong, 55% of grandparents reported that they took care of their grandchild because his or her parents have to work.[12] In South Korea, 53% of working mother reported that they once received child care services from their parents.[15] Third, the increasing number of single-parent families creates a need for grandparental support.[17]
The degree of grandparent involvement also varies depending on the societal context, such as the social welfare policies. For example, in European countries such as Sweden and Denmark, where formal childcare is widely available, grandparents provide less intensive childcare.[11] By contrast, in European countries such as Spain and Italy, where formal childcare is limited, and welfare payment is low, grandparents provide more intensive childcare.[11] In Singapore, the grandparent caregiver tax relief was established in 2004, which enables working parents (Singapore citizens with children age 12 and below) whose children are being cared for by unemployed grandparents to receive income tax relief of 3,000 Singaporean dollars.[14]
TypesEdit
There are different types of grandparental involvement, including nonresident grandparents, co-resident grandparents, grandparent-maintained household, and custodial grandparents.[18][19]
- Nonresident grandparents: Grandparents who do not live with their grandchildren, but provide care for them,[18][19] such as picking them up from school.
- Co-resident grandparents: Grandparents who live with their grandchild, as well as their parents. This type of household is also known as three-generational households.[18] According to a report that uses data from the 2010 Census, the American Community Survey (ACS), the Current Population Survey (CPS), and the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), co-resident grandparents are more likely to be in poverty and suffer from an illness or disability.[10]
- Grandparent-maintained households: A grandparent who is in charge of the household. In this type of household, the parents may or may not be present.[10] In the US, 33% of children who live in a grandparent-maintained household have only the grandparents present; this is comparable to another 30% who live with a grandmother and one or more parents.[10]
- Custodial grandparents: Grandparents who raise their grandchildren without the presence of the grandchildren’s parents in the household. This type of involvement is especially common among ethnic minority groups.[20] For instance, approximately 50% of custodial grandparents in the USA belong to an ethnic minority group.[21] In general, grandparents adopt the primary caregiving role for various reasons, such as when the parents have died, been imprisoned, been deployed by the military, or lost custody of their children due to neglect or abuse.[18][19]
ImpactEdit
On grandchildrenEdit
Grandparents have different functions in child development. Not only do they provide instrumental support such as picking grandchildren up from school or feeding them, but they also offer emotional support.[22] Furthermore, grandparents protect children from being impacted by negative circumstances, such as harsh parenting, poor economic status, and single-parent families.[23][24] In addition to providing support, grandparents can also help grandchildren with their schoolwork or teach them values that are integral to their society.[22]
Grandparents can have a positive or negative impact on child development. On the one hand, previous research suggests that children and adolescents who have a close relationship with their grandparents tend to have better well-being, experience fewer emotional problems, and demonstrate fewer problematic behaviours.[23][24] They are also more academically engaged and are more likely to help others.[25] On the other hand, there are also research studies indicating that grandparent involvement is associated with more hyperactivity and peer difficulties among young children.[26] In other words, children who are cared for by their grandparents can have more interpersonal relationship problems.[26] Also, children who are under the care of their grandparents have poorer health outcomes such as obesity, and more injuries due to low safety awareness.[27]
On grandparentsEdit
Since taking care of grandchildren could be a highly demanding job that requires constant energy and time devotion,[29] grandparental involvement in child raising could have a negative impact on grandparents’ physical and emotional health. For example, taking care of grandchildren can reduce grandparents’ own time for self-care such as missing their medical appointments. Therefore, they are likely to have a higher chance to suffer from physical health issues.[30] In the US, compared with those who do not take care of their grandchildren, grandparents who are involved in childcare are more likely to have poor physical conditions, such as heart disease, hypertension or body pain.[31] Besides physical health issues, grandparents are also likely to have emotional issues. To be more specific, raising young children again could be a stressful and overwhelming experience and thus results in different kinds of negative emotions such as anxiety or depression.[32] In addition to physical and emotional issues, grandparents who are involved in caring for their grandchildren can also suffer socially. For instance, grandparents will be forced to limit their social activities so as to care for their grandchildren. By doing so, grandparents become more isolated from their social relations.[33] Taking care of grandchildren also means more responsibilities, grandparents would fear for their grandchildren’s future well-being because of their disability and death in the future.[34] If grandparents cannot handle the caregiver role of their grandchildren well, this job can eventually become a burden or stressor and bring more severe physical health and emotional issues to grandparents.[35]
However, there are also positive effects of being involved in grandchildren raising. Compared with grandparents who do not provide caregiving to their grandchildren, those who take care of their grandchildren with long hours are more likely to have better cognitive functions.[36] To be more specific, taking care of grandchildren helps elder grandparents maintain their mental capacities in later life, they are also less likely to develop diseases such as dementia.[37] Moreover, frequent interactions with their grandchildren could reduce the cognitive aging process, allowing grandparents a chance to live a more vibrant and active life.[18][36] Grandparents also get benefits of physically exercising more during this process.[38]
Taking care of grandchildren can also have benefits on grandparents’ emotional health. As an example, many grandparents start to feel a sense of purpose and meaning in life again after their retirement; as another example, their ties with their adult children and grandchildren are also strengthened.[39] Many grandparents also think of the caregiving experience as positive because it provides another chance for them to make up mistakes they made with their own children and give them more opportunities to educate their grandchildren and improve their parenting styles.[40]
Cultural comparisonsEdit
Grandmother and her granddaughter
Grandparental involvement differs between Western and Eastern cultures. Grandparents taking care of their grandchildren is a common phenomenon in China due to Chinese traditions which emphasize family harmony, collective well-being, intergenerational exchanges and filial responsibilities.[35] China’s unique philosophies, Buddhism and Taoism, play important roles in forming these cultural values. While Chinese Buddhism emphasizes prioritized role of the family in Chinese society and harmonious relations among family members,[41] Taoism emphasizes the importance of harmony in interpersonal relations and relations between nature and the humans.[42] These philosophies underline the important role that families play in Chinese cultures. Besides cultural factors, grandparents taking care of their grandchildren also appears in the context in which their adult children need to work full-time, and the child care services are either too expensive (in big cities) or too scarce (in remote areas).[35][43] Grandparents serving as their grandchildren’s caregiver is particularly common in rural China. Due to the fast development of urbanization in China since the 1980s, up to 220 million migrant workers from rural areas move to urban areas to seek for more job opportunities, which leave around 58 million children behind in rural areas,[43] grandparents, therefore, undertake the role of parents and become caregivers to their grandchildren. A new population named “left-behind grandparents”[44] appears in this context, these grandparents live in rural China, and their main job is to look after their grandchildren, most of these grandparents are facing financial burdens and wish their adult children could come back. The mental and physical health of “left-behind grandparents” needs more attention from the public.[45] Even though in urban areas where child care services are available, nearly all grandparents still prefer to take care of their grandchildren voluntarily. Not only because this can reduce their adult children’s financial burdens on child care services but also taking care of their own grandchildren is a more effective way to maintain family harmony.[35]
In the US, taking care of grandchildren is not a necessary responsibility of grandparents. Grandparents taking care of their grandchildren is often caused by involuntary events or crisis, and it is more like a solution to a problem, not an initiative desire, which is a distinct difference from that in China.[34] For example, grandparents in the USA often take care of their grandchildren when their adult children get into troubles such as substance abuse, incarceration or parental death.[34][46] Differences also exist in different ethnicities in the US. Caucasian individuals generally regard individual independence as more important, so grandparents are less likely to take care of their grandchildren. However, African American and Latino individuals are more likely to regard looking after grandchildren as a family tradition and are more willing to provide help for their adult children.[47] Ethnic differences in grandparents looking after their grandchildren reflect different cultural values that different ethnic groups hold. To be more specific, African American grandparents are more likely to provide guidance and discipline to their grandchildren due to their flexible family system in which relatives, nonblood kin are all willing to help each other.[48] Latino families have a strong preference to live together and keep frequent contact with family members because most of them are immigrants or first-generation born in the US, they are more likely to live and function as a unit. Grandparents in Latino culture also play important roles in stabilizing the family unit as family leaders.[49] Although Caucasian grandparents are less likely to raise their grandchildren,[50] they have more cognitive or physical burdens of taking care of grandchildren compared with other ethnic groups,[51] mainly because their caregiver roles are less normative, and they rely more on remote or companionate parenting styles. On the contrary, African American and Latino grandparents rely more on disciplinary and instructional parenting styles and they are less likely to have cognitive or physical burdens when taking care of their grandchildren.[52]
See alsoEdit
- Aunt
- Cousin
- Grandfamily
- Grandfather clause
- Grandfather rule
- Middle age
- Midlife crisis
- National Grandparents Day
- Uncle
ReferencesEdit
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- ^ Cherlin, Andrew J.; Furstenberg, Frank F. (1992). The new American grandparent : a place in the family, a life apart (1st Harvard University Press pbk. ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674029484. OCLC 434586472.
Further readingEdit
- Coulthard, Carmen Caldas; Moon, Rosamund (2016). «Grandmother, gran, gangsta granny: semiotic representations of grandmotherhood». Gender and Language. 10 (3): 309–339. doi:10.1558/genl.v10i3.32036.
External linksEdit
- Media related to Grandparents at Wikimedia Commons
дедушка и бабушка
существительное
- бабушка и дедушка
Мои примеры
Словосочетания
toys bought by their indulgent grandparents — игрушки купленные потакающими им (детям) бабушками и дедушками 
well-intentioned grandparents who interfere between parents and children — благонамеренные бабушки и дедушки, которые вмешиваются в отношения между родителями и детьми
great grandparents — прадедушка и прабабушка
Примеры с переводом
My grandparents are still very youthful.
Мои бабушка и дедушка еще очень молодые.
My grandparents are still alive.
Мои бабушка с дедушкой ещё живы.
My grandparents live in Sussex.
Мои бабушка и дедушка живут в Сассексе.
He was brought up by his grandparents.
Он воспитывался у бабушки и дедушки.
The grandparents want to bond with the child.
Бабушка и дедушка хотят сблизиться с ребёнком.
The judge granted custody to the grandparents.
Судья предоставил право опеки ребёнка /детей/ бабушке и дедушке.
My grandparents grew up dirt poor (=very poor).
Мои бабушка и дедушка выросли в глубокой нищете (т.е. были очень бедными).
In 1963 we moved to Boston, where my grandparents lived.
В 1963 году мы переехали в Бостон, где жили мои бабушка и дедушка.
My father and grandparents were proud observers of my nativity.
Отец, бабушка и дедушка с гордостью наблюдали за моим рождением.
The show had a massive audience, ranging from children to grandparents.
Программа обладала огромной аудиторией, от детей — до бабушек и дедушек.
His grandparents were immigrants from Germany who settled in Pennsylvania.
Его бабушка и дедушка были выходцами из Германии, которые поселились в Пенсильвании.
The court decided that it was in the girl’s best interests to remain with her grandparents.
Суд решил, что в интересах девочки будет остаться с дедушкой и бабушкой.
Примеры, ожидающие перевода
I inherited a castle from my French grandparents 
…in my grandparents’ attic are many “groovy” relics from the 1960s…
His grandparents took great pleasure in seeing him graduate from college.
Для того чтобы добавить вариант перевода, кликните по иконке ☰, напротив примера.
Возможные однокоренные слова
: a parent of one’s father or mother
Example Sentences
Recent Examples on the Web
On Sunday, the park was overflowing with everyone from babies to grandparents reveling in the sun and the outrageous nature of the proceedings.
—
Nora Mishanec, San Francisco Chronicle, 9 Apr. 2023
Of course, this excluded most Black people whose grandparents had been enslaved and thus, ineligible to vote.
—Jemar Tisby, CNN, 8 Apr. 2023
Key moments in Arizona history Baker’s grandparents owned a home at 1805 E. Mojave St., about a mile west of the airport, and his parents rented a house nearby.
—Douglas C. Towne, The Arizona Republic, 6 Apr. 2023
Image As Fell-Davis turned down 96th Street, parents and grandparents and aunts and uncles walked kids to the school fence.
—Meg Bernhard, New York Times, 5 Apr. 2023
More important, however, are the lasting lessons grandparents can impart to their grands – about stepping up, stepping in, and demonstrating your commitment to those who need you.
—Amy Dickinson, oregonlive, 4 Apr. 2023
More important, however, are the lasting lessons grandparents can impart to their grands — about stepping up, stepping in, and demonstrating your commitment to those who need you.
—Amy Dickinson, BostonGlobe.com, 3 Apr. 2023
More important, however, are the lasting lessons grandparents can impart to their grands – about stepping up, stepping in, and demonstrating your commitment to those who need you.
—Amy Dickinson, Detroit Free Press, 3 Apr. 2023
More important, however, are the lasting lessons grandparents can impart to their grands – about stepping up, stepping in, and demonstrating your commitment to those who need you.
—Amy Dickinson, Anchorage Daily News, 3 Apr. 2023
See More
These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word ‘grandparent.’ Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.
Word History
First Known Use
1574, in the meaning defined above
Time Traveler
The first known use of grandparent was
in 1574
Dictionary Entries Near grandparent
Cite this Entry
“Grandparent.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/grandparent. Accessed 14 Apr. 2023.
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More from Merriam-Webster on grandparent
Last Updated:
11 Apr 2023
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Merriam-Webster unabridged
1
grandparents
grandparents [ˊgrænˏpeərǝnts]
n pl
де́душка и ба́бушка
Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > grandparents
2
grandparents
[ˈɡrænˌpɛərənts]
grandparents бабушка и дедушка grandparents pl дедушка и бабушка
English-Russian short dictionary > grandparents
3
grandparents
Англо-русский синонимический словарь > grandparents
4
grandparents
English-Russian base dictionary > grandparents
5
grandparents
НБАРС > grandparents
6
grandparents
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > grandparents
7
grandparents
[`grænˏpɛər(ə)nts]
дедушка и бабушка
Англо-русский большой универсальный переводческий словарь > grandparents
8
grandparents
noun
дедушка и бабушка
* * *
(n) бабушка и дедушка
* * *
* * *
мн.
дедушка и бабушка
Новый англо-русский словарь > grandparents
9
grandparents
Англо-русский современный словарь > grandparents
10
grandparents
English-Russian combinatory dictionary > grandparents
11
maternal grandparents
родители матери; дедушка и бабушка
What is your spouse’s mom’s parents names (maternal grandparents). — Как зовут родителей матери вашего супруга?
Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > maternal grandparents
12
a novel much affected by our grandparents
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > a novel much affected by our grandparents
13
affected
̈ɪəˈfektɪd I прил.
1) тронутый;
задетый
2) находящийся под влиянием( by — чего-л.)
3) пораженный болезнью II прил. неестественный, показной, притворный;
жеманный Syn: formal
страдающий;
пораженный (болезнью) ;
— * with gout страдающий подагрой находящийся под влиянием;
— everyone felt * by the war война коснулась всех взволнованный, растроганный;
— * by the sad news расстроенный печальной вестью показной;
притворный, нарочитый;
неестественный;
— * manners жеманство;
ломание;
— * smile деланная улыбка;
— * airs жеманство, манерничанье;
аффектация выдуманный, ложный;
— her * noble pedigree благородное происхождение, которое она себе приписывает;
— their * wealth несуществующее богатство вычурный, претенциозный( о стиле, языке) предрасположенный, расположенный, настроенный, склонный;
— well * toward a cause поддерживающий какое-л дело;
— I am well * towards her я к ней хорошо отношусь (устаревшее) ценимый, уважаемый, любимый;
— a novel much * by our grandparents роман, который так любили наши бабушки и дедушки
affected p. p. от affect ~ находящийся под влиянием (by — чего-л.) ~ неестественный, показной, притворный;
жеманный ~ пораженный болезнью ~ тронутый;
задетый
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > affected
14
bunk off
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > bunk off
15
affected
I
[əʹfektıd]
1. страдающий (); поражённый ()
affected with gout [with rheumatism] — страдающий подагрой [ревматизмом]
2. (by)
1) находящийся под влиянием ()
2) взволнованный, растроганный
II
[əʹfektıd]
1. 1) показной; притворный, нарочитый; неестественный
affected manners — жеманство; ломание
affected smile — деланная /натянутая/ улыбка
affected airs — жеманство, манерничанье; аффектация
2) выдуманный, ложный
her affected noble pedigree — благородное происхождение, которое она себе приписывает
their affected wealth — несуществующее /выдуманное/ богатство
3) вычурный, претенциозный ()
2. предрасположенный, расположенный, настроенный, склонный ()
well affected toward a cause [a project] — поддерживающий какое-л. дело [какой-л. проект]
3.
ценимый, уважаемый, любимый
a novel much affected by our grandparents — роман, который так любили наши бабушки и дедушки
НБАРС > affected
16
take11
1) take from smth., smb. take from the value of the book умалять ценность книги и т.д.: such faults do not take from him /from his credit/ as a historian такие недостатки не умаляют его достоинств как историка и т.д.; the size of her hat takes from her height в этой огромной шляпе она кажется ниже ростом
2) take with smth., smth. the book takes with the general reader, with the public, with a certain class, etc.) эта книга и т.д. пользуется популярностью /имеет успех/ у массового читателя и т.д.
3) take to smth. take to politics заняться политикой и т.д.; take to the road стать бродягой, начать бродяжничать || take to one’s bed заболеть; the patient took to his bed больной слег; the ship is ready to take to sea корабль готов выйти в море
4) take to smth., smth. take to this man привязаться /почувствовать расположение/ к этому человеку и т.д.; children take to me дети меня любят; we all took to him at once он нам всем сразу понравился /пришелся по душе/; dogs seldom take to strangers собаки обычно чужих не любят; take to a milk diet привыкнуть к молочному столу и т.д.; he took to the idea он увлекся этой идеей; he will never take to cricket a) он никогда не полюбит крикет; б) он никогда не научится играть в крикет; take to drink пристраститься к вину и т.д.
5) take to smth. take to the woods бежать в лес /скрываться в лесу/ и т.д. ; take to the branches of a tree прятаться в ветвях дерева; the rabbit took to its hole кролик забился в свою нору; the crew took to the boats команда бросилась к лодкам id take to one’s heels /to flight/ бежать, спасаться бегством; take across smth. take across a field пуститься бежать по полю; take after smb. the policeman took after the burglar полицейский бросился за грабителем
6) take after smb. take after one’s mother быть похожим на /пойти в/ свою мать и т.д.; who do you take after, your father or your mother? вы в кого take в отца или в мать?; his daughter does not take after him in any way его дочь ничем на него не похожа
English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > take11
17
integrity
1) честность, неподкупность
1. 71% of Gen Xers — a higher percentage than their parents or grandparents — believe that «In this world, sometimes you have to compromise your principles.» Do they identify more with success or with integrity? More than half choose success; only a third of their elders select it. (Time)
2. It was left for Channel 4 to emerge with some credit and integrity intact (Financial Times). — Лишь четвертый канал сохранил хоть какое-то достоинство и принципиальность.
The English annotation is below. (English-Russian) > integrity
18
vision
I don’t like the vision thing. — Не люблю я всю эту философию.
2) умение смотреть вперед, далеко идущие планы
3) мечта, представление о будущем
For all their ironic detachment, today’s young adults embrace an American Dream — albeit one different from the vision their parents or grandparents had (Time).
The English annotation is below. (English-Russian) > vision
19
integrity
•• Integrity 1. quality of being honest and upright in character. 2. state of being complete (A.S. Hornby).
•• Среди предлагаемых в словарях переводов этого слова – честность, неподкупность. Например, a man of integrity – честный, неподкупный человек. В Уставе ООН integrity – добросовестность. На мой взгляд, ближе всего к этому английскому слову русское принципиальность, кстати, не всегда легко поддающееся переводу на английский. Такое значение слова integrity хорошо видно из следующей цитаты из статьи в журнале Time о «поколении Икс» – американской молодежи рождения 1965–1976 годов: 71% of Gen Xers – a higher percentage than their parents or grandparents – believe that “In this world, sometimes you have to compromise your principles.” Do they identify more with success or with integrity? More than half choose success; only a third of their elders select it.
•• В статье в газете Financial Times опубликованной через несколько дней после похорон принцессы Дианы, автор, критикуя английские телеканалы за чрезмерное, по его мнению, внимание к этому событию (…a search through all the terrestrial channels revealed nothing but the Diana story), пишет: It was left for Channel 4 to emerge with some credit and integrity intact. – Лишь четвертый канал сохранил хоть какое-то достоинство и принципиальность.
•• * Несмотря на, казалось бы, вполне освоенный русским языком корень (интеграл, интеграция и т.д.), слово integrity – одно из трудных для переводчика.
•• У этого слова по существу два значения – одно из них можно назвать «физическим» (словари иногда подразделяют его на два, но такое дробление кажется мне излишним), другое относится к сфере морали.
•• У первого значения в русском языке есть устойчивое соответствие – целостность, хотя оно не всегда дает стопроцентное попадание. Скажем, в словосочетании integrity of the World Bank русским соответствием будет устойчивость. В некоторых контекстах – сохранность. Structural integrity – прочность конструкции. Timing integrity – синхронизация. Equipment integrity – работоспособность оборудования.
•• Но гораздо труднее в переводе – второе значение. Лучшее его определение – в словаре
Merriam-Webster
: steadfast adherence to a strict moral or ethical code. Как мне кажется, это определение выявляет общий модуль двух значений, который можно было бы условно определить словом соответствие (прежнему состоянию или какой-то идеальной модели). Англо-русские словари дают очень ограниченный набор вариантов русского перевода. Например,
Новый БАРС
– честность, прямота, неподкупность. Нет даже слова добросовестность (Устав ООН: The paramount consideration in the employment of the staff and in the determination of the conditions of service shall be the necessity of securing the highest standards of efficiency, competence, and integrity – При приеме на службу и определении условий службы следует руководствоваться, главным образом, необходимостью обеспечить высокий уровень работоспособности, компетентности и добросовестности). Во многих случаях удачным вариантом будет принципиальность («обратное соответствие», которое дает, например, словарь Д. Ермоловича и Т. Красавиной, – adherence to one’s principles – не совсем удачно, так как по-русски имеется в виду все-таки приверженность не «своим принципам», а чему-то «более высокому», то есть скорее adherence to principle) или ответственность. Например, американская организация Office of Research Integrity занимается, судя по ее Интернет-сайту, следующим: monitors institutional investigations of research misconduct and facilitates the responsible conduct of research through educational, preventive, regulatory activities. По-русски ее название можно передать как управление по проблемам ответственности/добросовестности в научных исследованиях или научной этики.
•• Слово этика оказывается кстати и в других случаях. Вот слова журналиста Роберта Новака, обидевшегося на коллегу во время телепередачи и даже демонстративно покинувшего студию (случай в США редчайший): He said I was trying to please the editorial writers of The Wall Street Journal. I thought that was an unacceptable questioning of my integrity. В переводе, видимо, лучший вариант <…> я счел это неприемлемой попыткой поставить под сомнение мою журналистскую этику. Здесь подойдет также доброе имя – вариант, который лучше всего передает и смысл реакции шефа лондонской полиции Иана Блэра на обвинения, последовавшие за убийством в лондонском метро бразильца Жана-Шарля де Менезиса: Those accusations <…> strike at the integrity of this office and the integrity of the Metropolitan Police, and I fundamentally reject them.
•• Все эти варианты заслуживают, на мой взгляд, включения в словари. Но они не охватывают всего многообразия употребления слова integrity, которое во многих случаях требует поиска метонимического контекстуального соответствия. Пример из сообщения агентства Associated Press: Citing a United Nations-commissioned poll that showed “a high level of discontent and pessimism among staff concerning the integrity of the organization,” the report said that it had found “the morale is dismal.” Думаю, что здесь мы имеем дело с тем случаем, когда реальное словоупотребление вольно или невольно смешивает и несколько смазывает значения слова, и трудно найти лучший вариант, чем пессимизм относительно будущего организации, хотя в первом приближении удачным кажется и слово авторитет.
English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > integrity
20
philosophy
•• Philosophy 1. the study of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct…. 4. a system of principles for guidance in practical affairs (The Random House Dictionary).
•• Часто встречается в словосочетании the philosophy of something, например, the philosophy of this project. Одно время у нас, особенно в кругах технической интеллигенции, было столь же модно употреблять в этом значении слово идеология (идеология этого проекта). Я не очень люблю новомодные словоупотребления, но в данном случае такой перевод может оказаться уместным. Более «спокойный» перевод – концепция проекта. Вообще слово philosophy у
американцев и англичан
более заземленное, чем наше философия (точно так же более прагматична и англосаксонская философия по сравнению с нашей философской традицией). Когда американцы хотят высказаться в более «возвышенном» духе, они скорее скажут не philosophy, а vision, и в переводе этого слова философия может прийтись весьма кстати. (Запомнилось высказывание будущего 41-го президента США Джорджа Буша во время одной из президентских кампаний – I don’t like the vision thing. Человек преимущественно прагматического склада, Буш, видимо, был раздражен чем-то высокопарным – Не люблю я всю эту философию.) Русское слово видение обычно выглядит в переводах довольно искусственно, вымученно. В большинстве контекстов гораздо лучше что-нибудь вроде умение смотреть вперед или даже далеко идущие планы. Нередко vision – мечта, представление о будущем. Вот характерный пример: For all their ironic detachment, today’s young adults embrace an American Dream – albeit one different from the vision their parents or grandparents had (Time). Visionary ближе всего к русскому мечтатель, философ-мечтатель.
English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > philosophy
grandparents — перевод на русский
/ˈgrænˌpeərənts/
You’re wonderful grandparents.
Вы замечательные бабушка и дедушка.
When my grandparents died, she was fourteen.
Когда мои бабушка и дедушка умерли, ей было четырнадцать лет.
My parents-— my grandparents on both sides are ministers, and we always argue about God, because I don’t really believe in church at all.
Мои родители — мои бабушка и дедушка, они — священники и мы постоянно спорим о Боге, потому что я не верю в церковь как таковую.
Your grandparents are in a shelter in Granville.
Твои бабушка и дедушка в укрытии в Грэнвилле.
His grandparents fled the pogroms.
Его бабушка и дедушка бежали от погромов.
Показать ещё примеры для «бабушка и дедушка»…
I visit my grandparents, they’re eating big brisket sandwiches.
Я навещаю бабушку с дедушкой, они едят большие сандвичи с грудинкой.
This whole time I’ve idealized my grandparents’ marriage.
Я всё время идеализировал брак бабушки с дедушкой.
My daughters were at their grandparents’, thank God.
Дочери были у бабушки с дедушкой… слава Богу.
And he’s like, «No, but my grandparents were.
Он такой: «Нет-нет-нет, но помнят бабушка с дедушкой.
But according to his answering machine, his wife and kids are visiting their grandparents.
Но, если верить его автоответчику, его жена и дети у бабушки с дедушкой.
Показать ещё примеры для «с дедушкой»…
— He was visitin’ his grandparents.
— Навещал дедушку с бабушкой.
She’s with my grandparents in Palm Beach.
Она у дедушки с бабушкой в Палм Бич.
We ‘re going to be grandparents again.
Я снова стану бабушкой!
She was traveling with her grandparents.
Она путешествовала со своей бабушкой.
Sign language with my parents, and normal language with my grandparents.
Язык жестов с моими родителями и нормальный язык с дедом и бабушкой.
Показать ещё примеры для «бабушкой»…
«I hereby declare I am not Jewish… and to the best of my knowledge… my parents or grandparents are not Jewish.»
«Я, нижеподписавшийся, заявляю, что я не еврей и что, насколько мне известно, ни мои родители, ни их родители не евреи.»
My grandparents used to tell me stories about that too.
Его родители тоже рассказывали.
Let’s have one of those beers quick before his grandparents get here.
Давай выпьем пиво, пока ее родители не пришли.
Or my grandparents?
Ии как её родители?
My grandparents disapprove and give her an ultimatum.
Ее родители не хотели его принять и поставили ей ультиматум.
Показать ещё примеры для «родители»…
So many grandparents and forefathers passed away and I alone left behind.
Один тополь от дедов и прадедов остался. Что же это? Прошу Тебя.
‘That night I set the guys up at my grandparents’ house.
‘В ту ночь я направил парней в дом моих дедов.
Republicans love their mothers, their fathers and their grandparents as much as anybody else on this hill, and we’re gonna take care of them.
Республиканцы любят своих матерей, отцов и дедов (ну и бабок) также как и все на этом Холме И мы будем заботится о них в этой стране
This orchestra consists of fathers and sons and grandparents, mothers, brothers, sisters.
Этот оркестр состоит из отцов, и сыновей, и дедов, матерей, братьев, сестёр.
One of his daughters had actually sued her grandparents trying to get at the money in that trust.
Более того, одна из его дочерей подала в суд на своих бабку с дедом, пытаясь заполучить деньги с их банка.
Показать ещё примеры для «дедов»…
And did your grandparents ever return to Ukraine?
А твои дед и бабка когда-нибудь возвращались на Украину?
Something about a better place to raise a kid and loving grandparents.
Там ребёнку лучше. Там любящие дед и бабка.
And not like cousins, either, like you got one set of grandparents.
И не двоюродными, а словно у тебя всего один дед и бабка
Fortunately for them, we understand they have very loving grandparents.
К счастью для детей у них есть любящие дед и бабка.
Then my parents, my brothers and sisters, and grandparents were alive.
Тогда мои родители, братья, дед с бабкой были живы.
Показать ещё примеры для «дед и бабка»…
I asked you to look into the tenement fire that killed my grandparents… and you brought me the history of my father’s childhood inoculations.
Я просил у вас раскопать что-нибудь о пожаре, где были убиты мои дед с бабушкой а вы приносите мне историю прививок моего отца.
I don’t have Irish parents or grandparents or anything.
В моей родне нет ирландцев: ни родители, ни дед с бабушкой.
Your grandparents weren’t pleased, but… they had already denied him once, so…
Твои дед с бабушкой были не очень рады… но они уже раз ему отказали, так что…
When we eat, my grandparents are there.
И паста. М: К нам приходят дед с бабушкой.
It reminds me of the village where my grandparents live in Wales.
Он мне напоминает от деревне, в которой жили мои бабушка с дедом, когда жили в Уэльсе.
Показать ещё примеры для «дед с бабушкой»…
You remember on the beach in front of your grandparents’ house we agreed that we would never, never date each other’s girls?
Помнишь, на пляже напротив дома твоих стариков мы договорились, что мы никогда, никогда не будем трогать девушек друг друга?
Come and grandparents.
Давайте и за стариков.
What we do, you know, the shit that we carry with us from one life to the next, maybe there’s a plan that includes all of us-— you and me and my grandparents, and we just don’t know it.
То, что мы делаем… Вся эта хрень, которую мы переносим из этой жизни в следующую может, это план, который включает нас всех тебя, меня и моих стариков, просто мы этого не знаем? Откуда нам знать?
But instead they let their children go hungry and their grandparents waste away to bones.
Но вместо этого, они заставляют голодать своих детей, своих стариков.
The vatos trickle in to check on their parents, their grandparents.
Братаны потихоньку стекались, проверить родителей, стариков.
Показать ещё примеры для «стариков»…
Monsieur Moussa, your grandparents lived in Algery.
Месье Мусса, ваши предки из Алжира.
On a clear night, our grandparents might have seen half of them.
В ясную ночь наши предки видели половину из них.
It’s what our grandparents used to do.
Наши предки всегда так делали.
Ang, what you got? Seriously, man, My grandparents put their savings into this place.
Серьезно, мои предки вложили в это место их сбережения.
Your grandparents came here from Austria.
Твои предки приехали сюда из Австрии.
Показать ещё примеры для «предки»…
— Maybe he’ll help find my grandparents.
— И он сможет найти моих родственников?
Do you have a number for the grandparents who were here earlier?
У вас есть номер родственников, которые были здесь раньше?
_BAR_ work my grandparents’ land in Portugal.
Я работал у своих родственников в Португалии.
— Weren’t there any grandparents or other family to take care of you?
— Неужели не нашлось родственников, чтобы позаботиться о тебе?
The grandparents want her convicted, too.
Родственники хотят обвинить ее тоже.
Показать ещё примеры для «родственников»…